The French will be celebrating their liberation of Paris during this week. So, I want to play a little game. Just complete the following sentence:
After fierce fighting, victorious French troops entered the city of [ ]
RULES:
- The city named must be a city, not a village or hamlet.
- The city named cannot be in France.
- The city named cannot be in a current or former French colony.
The Liberation of Paris:
- August 15-18, 1944: Strikes break out
- August 18, 1944: Communists call for insurrection
- August 19, 1944: Combat breaks out. The Resistance occupies several public buildings. Cease fire proclaimed late in day.
- August 20, 1944: The Americans enter Fontainbleau and cross the Seine at Mantes. Publicly, cease fire is maintained.
- August 21, 1944: Despite public cease fire, combat continues.
- August 22, 1944: General LeClerc ordered by Bradley to advance on Paris.
- August 24, 1944: French armor enters the heart of the city.
- August 25, 1944: General von Choltitz signs the act of surrender at just after 3 p.m.
- deGaulle walks from the Arc de Triomphe to Notre Dame. Intermittant sniper fire continues, including inside Notre Dame.
- August 27, 1944: French armor push through northern suburbs.
- August 29, 1944: The 28th US Infantry Division marches down the Champs Elys’es and into combat that same day.
An AP account that shows more Americans involved in the fighting, from August 25, 1944:
Street fighting raged through the heart of Paris today as American and French columns drove into the city from the south amid a tumultuous welcome from hundreds of thousands of Parisians.
The first French column to enter the city reached Luxembourg at 10:20 a.m. The Germans, the collaborationist militia and the French Gestapo organization opened fire with machine guns, rifles and pistols and the battle was on.
An American infantry column drove to Notre Dame at 11 a.m. in a spectacular ground attack to close in on strongholds still defended by the embattled Germans and the Vichy French militia.
[This dispatch was filed at 12:28 p.m., 6:28 a.m. Eastern War Time.]
The columns fought toward the center of the city where French Forces of the Interior (F.F.I.) and city police have held out for the past week.
Machine guns and rifles cracked on all sides as the column I was with drove to within a block of the Luxembourg.
Joyous, happy throngs who greeted the entrance of the tanks and infantry with a thundering welcome fled to the safety of buildings and within a few minutes the streets that had been choked with humanity, laughing and crying over the liberation, were bare battlegrounds.
As I write this story, the Germans are still holding out in the area on both sides of the Seine, halfway along the Champs Elysees, Place de la Concorde, Quai d’Orsay, Tuileries, Gardens of the Louvre, the Madeleine, the Chamber of Deputies, the Senate and the Hotel Crillon.
French patriots have a grip on the Ile de la Cite, the Calais de Justice, the Prefecture of Police, the Prefecture of the Seine, most of the Mairies and the factory district.
But Frenchmen are fighting Frenchmen as well as Germans in liberating a city wild with happiness over the freedom which they waited for for four years.
Politics and the Military in the Liberation of Paris
Hoping to shame the French into greater effort, Gerow asked Bradley whether he could order the 4th US Division into the city. An angry Bradley wondered how long after the truce Choltitz would wait for regular troops before destroying the capital. Bradley could hardly let the French “dance their way to Paris.” He told Gerow, “To hell with prestige. Tell the 4th to slam on in and take the liberation.”[16] Precedence in favor of the French, Gerow informed Barton and Leclerc, no longer applied.
This information prompted Leclerc to make one more attempt that night. It was impossible for him to order the northern column to continue beyond the Sevres bridge because, as the French reported, “liaison between the columns for all practical purposes no longer exists.”[17] Leclerc’s mistake or oversight was perhaps due to inexperience.
So Leclerc, who was with the main effort in the south, sent a small detachment of tanks and half-tracks forward. This force rolled along side roads and back streets, crossed the Seine River by the Pont d’Austerlitz, drove along the quays on the right bank, and reached the Hotel de Ville, the city hall, just before midnight, 24 August.
The bells of nearby Notre Dame began to ring joyously. Another church took up the refrain. A third joined. Soon all the churches in Paris were pealing in celebration. A cascade of sound washed over the city.
Few Parisians had gone to bed that night. The telephones were functioning, and everyone knew of the Allied soldiers in the suburbs. The church bells could mean only that the liberators had arrived.
On the following morning, 25 August, the official day of liberation, enormous crowds of excited Parisians welcomed the 2d French Armored Division, which swept the western part of Paris, and the 4th US Infantry Division, which cleared the eastern part. Everywhere were joy, delight, tears of happiness. Unbounded elation took hold of Parisians and the French and the whole civilized world.
Most of the Germans had melted away during the night. Two thousand remained in the Bois de Boulogne, seven hundred more in Luxembourg Gardens. A few small and scattered groups awaited capture.
In the early afternoon of 25 August, under the arcades of the rue de Rivoli, a young French officer sprang into the Hotel Meurice. He burst into Choltitz’s suite of rooms. To Choltitz, who sat at his desk, he shouted in his excitement, “Do you speak German?” Choltitz replied coolly. “Probably better than you.”[18] He allowed himself to be taken prisoner.
In the presence of Leclerc and the French Resistance commander in Paris, Choltitz signed a formal act of capitulation. Teams of French and German officers circulated copies to the Germans still in the city.
As for the internal political situation, the Gaullists proved to be better organized and disciplined than their opponents. Taking advantage of the uprising on 19 August, they had seized and occupied the seat of government. They held the buildings and the facilities and thus the means of political control.
On 26 August, De Gaulle wrote and thanked Eisenhower for letting Leclerc liberate Paris. With cheering crowds present, De Gaulle, Leclerc, and members of the Provisional Government walked from the Etoile, now named the Place du General de Gaulle, down the Champs Elysees to the Place de la Concorde. De Gaulle then proceeded to the Cathedral of Notre Dame where an overflow congregation celebrated a mass of thanksgiving.
When Hitler learned that Allied troops were in Paris, he asked whether the capital was burning. “Brennt Paris?”[19] Enraged by the negative response, he ordered artillery, V-weapons, and planes to destroy the city. His military commanders were busy with other matters. Getting their forces back to Germany, rearming the Siegfried Line, and preparing to keep the Allies out of their homeland were their priorities.
To make clear the participation of Allied troops in the liberation, Eisenhower marched the 28th US Infantry Division through the city to the front on 29 August. Eisenhower, Bradley, Gerow, De Gaulle, and Leclerc reviewed the parade. Eisenhower had invited Montgomery to attend, but he said he was too busy to come.
Ernie Pyle:
We entered Paris from due south and the Germans were still battling in the heart of the city along the Seine when we arrived, but they were doomed. There was a full French armored division in the city, plus American troops entering constantly.
The farthest we got in our first hour in Paris was near the Senate building, where some Germans were holed up and firing desperately. So we took a hotel room nearby and decided to write while the others fought. By the time you read this I’m sure Paris will once again be free for Frenchmen, and I’ll be out all over town getting my bald head kissed. Of all the days of national joy I’ve ever witnessed this is the biggest.
It seems quite clear that a combination of Allied troops liberated Paris. Let the French have their little fantasies. Americans, too, died to liberate Paris.